How does the prius or other hybrids work and recharge by braking?
Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) is the brand name from Toyota/Lexus on their newer hybrid models beginning with the 2004 model year. Essentially, they rebranded their Toyota Hybrid System II (THS-II) with the HSD label. So, 2003 and older Toyota Prius have the THS hybrid system (licensed to Ford/Mercury/Mazda and Nissan), but do not use the HSD hybrid system.
Other manufacturers have their own hybrid systems that operate differently. The GMC/Chevrolet/Saturn BAS system is far different than the Honda IMA system, which in turn is different than the Toyota systems…
How a hybrid car works depends on the technology that a manufacturer decided to use to make it a hybrid. Not all hybrids are created equal.
As the lowest common denominator, hybrids usually have a larger electric motor (for starting the gasoline engine or for charging the hybrid battery), larger/additional hybrid battery pack to drive the electric motor, auto-stop (gasoline engine turns off at idle), regenerative braking (coasting or light braking will cause the motor to act as a generator, capturing some of that lost kinetic energy of wheel motion and storing it as electricity in the hybrid battery), improved fuel economy, and lower emissions.
More improved hybrid systems allow for tuning for higher performance (more power or acceleration), or for more fuel efficiency (usually through using a smaller engine, where the electric motors help out). On the more improved hybrid systems, you could see:
- ability to act as a standing generator to power equipment off-site
- additional peak power, by the electric motor assisting the gasoline engine as required (for acceleration or hill climbing, for example), similar to a turbo
- electric-only propulsion (short periods of the electric motors/hybrid battery alone powering the car, for low power requirements (such as coasting, driving on the level, low speeds)
- reduction in weight and ability to move accessories from belt-driven to electrically-driven (smaller wires needed)
The Ford/Mercury hybrid system and the Nissan hybrid system is fairly similar to the older Toyota THS system (seen on the 2001-2003 Prius). Toyota/Lexus hybrids are currently using the THS-II or HSD (Hybrid Synergy Drive) system. Honda is using their IMA (Integrated Motor Assist) hybrid system. GM's newer hybrids are using their BAS (belt-alternator system) or two-mode system, while their older "hybrid" pickups are pretty much the lowest common denominator listed above.
For general overviews:
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/question262.htm
http://www.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car.htm
http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-technology-center-home.html
But since you asked specifically about the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive technology:
http://www.hybridsynergydrive.com/en/quick_guide.html
http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/tech/environment/hsd/index.html
http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/tech/environment/ths2/index.html